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Saturday, April 21, 2012

اوميغا 3: أحد أهم المكملات الغذائية


 
لقد ثبتت فاعلية المكملات الغذائية اوميغا 3 في الوقاية من عدة امراض وفي علاجها، وفي الحد من اعراض التهاب المفاصل.
تعتبر الاحماض الدهنية من نوع اوميغا 3 احد العناصر الحيوية جدا. لكن، ولان جسمنا لا يقوم بانتاجها، فانه يحتاج للحصول عليها من الغذاء ومن المكملات الغذائية. اوميغا 3 الموجودة في الاسماك هي المادة المسؤولة عن انتاج الكثير من المواد التي تحافظ على توازن الكثير من العمليات في جسمنا، ومنها ضغط الدم، حرارة الجسم، الالتهابات، الاورام، الالم، تخثر الدم، امراض الحساسية، وغيرها.
كذلك، فان هذه الاحماض الدهنية، هي من المكملات الغذائية البالغة الاهمية بالنسبة للاطفال والرضع، وذلك بسبب الدور الهام الذي تلعبه في عملية النمو السليم للدماغ (حتى خلال المرحلة الجنينية في رحم الام)، كما تلعب دورا لا يقل اهمية بالنسبة للاطفال الذين يعانون من صعوبات التعلم، اضطرابات التركيز، وحتى الاضطرابات السلوكية، حيث ان زيادة استهلاك مادة اوميغا 3 تساهم في تحسين حالتهم بشكل كبير.
يعتبر نقص الاحماض الدهنية من مجموعة اوميغا 3 احد العوامل التي تميز انماط التغذية الغربية، ويؤدي الى الاصابة بالعديد من الامراض التي باتت معروفة باسم "امراض الغرب". من ضمن هذه الامراض: امراض القلب، السكتة الدماغية، ومرض سكري البالغين. بامكان تناول حمض الاوميغا 3 عبر الاضافات او المكملات الغذائية ان يمنع حدوث الالتهابات، ويحافظ على صحة الدماغ والقلب والاوعية الدموية، بالاضافة لتقوية جهاز المناعة.
يتم انتاج الاحماض الدهنية اوميغا 3 في الطبيعة، واهم من يقوم بانتاجها هم "العوالق" (او البلانكتونات -
Plankton
– وهي مجموعة من الكائنات الحية الدقيقة النباتية والحيوانية)، بالاضافة لاسماك البحر بشكل اساسي. تحتوي الاسماك التي تتناول غذاء غنيا بالاوميغا 3 على زيت يعتبر هو الاخر غنيا بهذه المادة. يتاثر تركيز الاحماض في الاسماك بنوعية غذائها، منطقة نموها وحياتها (منشات تربية الاسماك او بيئتها الطبيعية كالبحار والانهار)، الجزء الذي يتم اكله من جسم السمكة، وحتى موسم الصيد. يشير الاسم " اوميغا " الى مكان الرابط المزدوج الاول في سلسلة الحمض الدهني. عندما يكون الرباط المزدوج الاول موجودا في المكان الثالث، يسمى الحمض الدهني باسم " اوميغا 3 ". ينطبق نفس المبدا على اسماء الاحماض الدهنية الاخرى مثل " الاوميغا 6 " و " الاوميغا 9 ".
لقد ثبتت فاعلية الحمض الدهني اوميغا 3 في الوقاية من عدة امراض وفي علاجها. وتشير العديد من الدراسات الى الدور الاساسي الذي تلعبه مادة اوميغا 3 في بعض حالات الالتهاب، حيث تحفز زيادة استهلاك اوميغا 3 ردة فعل مضادة للالتهابات وتخفف بشكل كبير من اعراضه، كما انها تحسن حالة المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل، وتوفر عليهم استخدام المسكنات والعقاقير المضادة للالتهاب
(NSAID's)
. تساهم اضافة المكملات الغذائية من نوع اوميغا 3 الى النظام الغذائي اليومي، بمنع انتاج المركبات المحفزة للالتهاب، وتقلل اعراض التهاب المفاصل، بما في ذلك الام المفاصل وتصلبها خلال ساعات الصباح.
اثبتت العديد من الابحاث ان زيادة استهلاك زيت السمك تقلل من عوامل الخطر للاصابة بامراض الاوعية الدموية في القلب. وفي احد الابحاث، والذي استغرق ثلاث سنوات ونصف السنة وشمل اكثر من 11 الف رجل كانوا قد اصيبوا بنوبة قلبية، تبين ان هذه المادة احدثت انخفاضا كبيرا في مخاطر التعرض للنوبة الدماغية والموت. كذلك، يقلل اعطاء زيت السمك الى حد كبير من مخاطر الاصابة بقصور القلب والسكتة الدماغية، ويزيد من تنوع (تغييرات) نبض القلب ويؤدي لانخفاض معدل الوفيات. كما انه يؤثر بشكل ايجابي على وظيفة البطانة القلبية، ويساهم في الحد من العناصر المحفزة للالتهاب، ويقلل من احتمالات الاصابة بالرجفان البطيني. بالاضافة الى كل ما ذكر، فانه يحد من اقتران الصفائح الدموية ويحمي من تصلب الشرايين. كذلك، يقلل زيت السمك من كميات الدهون ثلاثية الغليسيريد، التي تعتبر عامل خطر مستقل يسبب الاصابة بامراض الشاريين التاجية. لقد تبين ان العلاج بزيت السمك (جرعة تتراوح بين 3 و 4 غرامات في اليوم الواحد)، ادى الى خفض مستوى الدهون ثلاثية الغليسيريد بنسبة 45%. وفي بحث اخر، تم فيه اعطاء نفس الجرعة من زيت السمك باضافة ما بين 10 – 40 مليجرام من مادة السيمواستاتين
(Simwastatin)
 في اليوم الواحد، انخفضت مستويات الدهون ثلاثية الغليسيريد بنسبة تتراوح بين 20% الى 30% اضافية.
كذلك تبين خلال الابحاث، ان النساء الحوامل اللاتي كن معرضات لمخاطر الولادة المبكرة، وتم علاجهن عن طريق المكملات الغذائية، بجرعة من زيت السمك تبلغ 2.7 جرام في اليوم، عانين بشكل اقل من تحقق الولادة المبكرة. فقد استمر الحمل لفترة اطول بنحو ثمانية ايام ونصف، كما كان وزن مواليدهن اعلى بـ 200 جرام بالمعدل، مقارنة بمواليد النساء اللاتي تلقين "دواء وهميا". تقوم النساء الحوامل بنقل حمض الاوميغا 3 لاجنتهن، وخصوصا الـ
(DHA)
. من الممكن ان يؤدي استهلاك الاوميغا 3 بشكل غير كاف، اثناء الحمل، الى نقص الـ
(DHA)
 لدى المراة الحامل، الامر الذي من الممكن ان يزيد من مخاطر واحتمالات الاصابة باكتئاب ما بعد الولادة.
تعمل مادة اوميغا 3 على اصلاح الاضطرابات التي تصيب عملية نقل الاشارات بين الخلايا، والتي تتسم بها حالات الاكتئاب. وقد درست العديد من الابحاث العلاقة بين استهلاك اوميغا 3 والاكتئاب، فتبين انه كلما زاد استهلاك الاسماك ومنتجاتها، ينخفض معدل الاصابة باضطرابات الاكتئاب. كذلك، تبين انه كلما زاد استهلاك اوميغا 3، فان نسبة الاصابة باكتئاب ما بعد الولادة عند النساء والاضطرابات السلوكية تصبح اقل. يعتبر العلاج باوميغا 3، مفيدا لمرضى الاكتئاب الذين لا يستجيبون للادوية المضادة للاكتئاب. وقد اظهرت نتائج البحث ان اضافة جرام واحد من اوميغا 3 مفيد لمرضى الاكتئاب الذين لم يستجيبوا للعقاقير التقليدية.
كذلك، يعتبر تزويد الجسم بمادة اوميغا 3 بشكل كاف ومنتظم امرا هاما جدا من اجل الحفاظ على اداء الدماغ وحمايته خلال الحياة، كما يحد من تدهور وتراجع القدرات المعرفية (الذهنية والتفكيرية) في سن الشيخوخة. تبلغ نسبة المواد الدهنية في الدماغ نحو 60%، واكثر انواع الاحماض الدهنية انتشارا ووجودا في الدماغ هو الاوميغا 3. مع التقدم بالسن، يبدا مستوى اوميغا 3 في خلايا الدماغ بالانخفاض، وبالتالي، فان اضافتها الى النظام الغذائي تصبح امرا ضروريا. تؤدي التغذية التي تفتقر للاوميغا 3 الى زيادة مخاطر واحتمالات الاصابة بالخرف ومرض الزهايمر. بالمقابل، يزيد الاستهلاك اليومي للاطعمة الغنية بالاوميغا 3 (مثل زيت السمك) كمية خلايا الدم الحمراء، وبامكانه ان يحسن الاداء الذهني والتفكيري في فترة الشيخوخة. واخيرا، تبين ان احد الاضطرابات المعرفية، من الممكن ان يكون متعلقا بانخفاض مستويات هورمون السيروتونين، الامر الذي يعود اساسا لوجود نقص بمادة الاوميغا 3، ومن الممكن ان يسبب عدة امراض، منها الـ (ADHDالتليف الكيسي، الاكتئاب، ومرض الزهايمر.

Thursday, April 12, 2012

A Strategy to Keep Antimicrobials Effective


Over the past century, few innovations have been as important to public health as the development and use of antimicrobial

طريقة حديثة غير جراحية لقياس ضغط المخ



Stop Smoking Stories

Annette's Story


Annette experimented with cigarettes as a teenager, smoking occasionally. But by the time she turned 20, Annette was a regular smoker.
When she was 50, Annette heeded her granddaughter’s advice and quit cold turkey after having smoked for more than 30 years. But by then she already had cancer. At age 52, Annette went to the doctor because she was having difficulty breathing and was diagnosed with lung cancer so advanced it was necessary to remove one of her lungs. A few years later, she was diagnosed with oral cancer and surgery was again required. Today, at age 57, Annette is smoke-free and cancer-free.

Wednesday, April 4, 2012

Nikki Haley’s sequence problem



South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley demands she will not be the Republican vice presidential nominee this season, going so far as to dispute that she would convert down the job if it were provided to her.

But the send may have traveled the world on that provide a couple several weeks returning when her lieutenant governor reconciled in the experience of an indictment.undefined
Crowd associates pay attention as Southern region Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley (R) talks about a strategy to carry significant tax comfort to Southern region Carolina family associates and companies during a quit in Lawn Town, S.C., last 30 days. (AP Photo/The Sun Information, Bob Jessmore)

No, the show was not politically destructive to Haley; the now-ex-lieutenant governor, Ken Ard, was chosen independently from her.

But it does increase a unpleasant sequence problem for her as it concerns the vice presidential giveaways.

In the awaken of Ard’s resignation, condition Chair for economic council Pro Tem Glenn McConnell became lieutenant governor. That indicates he would be in range to substitute Haley if she were to become the GOP’s vice presidential nominee and the GOP admission were to win.

This is a problem for several reasons:

1. Haley and McConnell never get along, and she would successfully be passing her job to someone who she has clashed with consistently. That may not be a deal-breaker, but it’s a aspect.

2. McConnell would be the unusual governor who was not chosen state-wide. Again, not actually a deal-breaker, but it’s hardly perfect, either.

3. McConnell is perhaps best-known nationwide as a Accomplice record strong who was captured truly dressed in Accomplice common garb and status next to two African-American participants who showed up to be clothed as slaves.

McConnell just didn't say sorry for attire as a Accomplice common, and he’s still a well-known politician in Southern region Carolina (where the condition Chair for economic council chief executive is probably more highly effective than the governor).

Despite those three hits, McConnell’s advisors jeer at the concept that any of it will effect Haley’s vice presidential possibilities.

“I very seriously question GOP commanders would aspect in Glenn McConnell when determining the best operating friend to help Glove Mitt romney take the Bright House,” said Wesley Donehue, an Online advisor for McConnell.

But even if it’s not a big cope in the Palmetto State, it could create a throbbing headache for the nationwide Republican Celebration to have one of its governors all over the web clothed as a Accomplice common. Which is not exactly the forward-looking Republican Celebration that GOP strategists want to existing to the community.

We’ve been doubtful for a while that Haley will be a top competitor for the vice presidential nomination, but the lieutenant governor problems returning in her home condition seems to create her an even more impossible choose.

Aziz Ansari mows garden at New You are able to Town's Main Park


The well-known vacationer location is set to re-open its lawn and tennis ball areas to the community on Sunday, Apr 7. Ansari performs Tom Haverford on the NBC funny sequence "Parks and Entertainment," which carries on its 4th period on Apr 19 after a break.

The 29-year-old acting professional and comic rode a trimmer and assisted cut down about an acre of lawn at the 15-acre Lambs Field as aspect of the Main Entertainment area Conservancy's party to level its "First Mow" of a significant garden, also recognized as its "kickoff to springtime." The 843-acre park's lawn and tennis ball areas are shut to the community during the off-season.

At the occurrence, which took position on Wednesday, Apr 2, Ansari was also given an honorary account rights to the Conservancy and an ID tag saying him the "Ambassador of Spring" at the park, which gets more than 200,000 guests a day, mostly on saturdays and sundays, during summer season season.

"When I at first decided to do this, I believed it would be later in the day and that I would be getting a key to the town," Ansari said at the occurrence. "Instead, it's really beginning and I'm getting a key to the city's trimmer, which I think is kind of awesome. I'll put that along with the other secrets I have - the key to the city's juice extractor, the key to the city's machine and of course, the key to the city's Showtime Rotisserie bbq grill."

He later included that the trimmer he used was "way nicer" than any one he ever managed.

Ansari is also planning to start a stand-up funny trip, which starts on Apr 10 in California, and is promoting his funny unique, "Dangerously Delightful," on his formal web page for $5. Comedian Louis CK, who visitor appeared on "Parks and Recreation" captured, provided an movie of his own unique for obtain for the same cost in overdue 2011. He created $1 thousand in 10 days

Tuesday, April 3, 2012

عجائب القلب والجهاز الدورى

 

• يدق القلب يوميا حوالى 100ألف دقة
• جسم الأنسان ينتج يوميا مائة بيليون خلية حمراء
• قلب فى ساعة واحدة يعمل بطاقة تكفى لرفع 1 طن مسافة 1 قدم من الأرض
• كل بوصة مربع من جلد الأنسان تحتوى على عشرون قدم من الأوعية الدموية
• يضخ الأنسان المتوسط 48 مليون جالون من الدم طوال الحياة
• يتكون نظام الأوعية الدموية الخاص بك من شرايين و عروق وشعيرات دموية أكثر من 000 ,60 ميل ، وذلك طول كافى ليلف حول العالم أكثر من مرتين
• يضخ القلب البالغ تقريبا حولى 5 أرباع جالون من الدم فى الدقيقة _ حوالى 2000 جالون فى اليوم _فى كافة أنحاء الجسم
• عند عمر 70 سنة يكون متوسط عدد دقات القلب التى دقها حوالى 2.5 بليون مرة

Friday, March 30, 2012

عدد مستخدمي الهاتف المحمول يتجاوز المليار في الصين


 
  تجاوز عدد مستخدمي الهاتف المحمول في الصين مليار شخص

Tuesday, March 20, 2012

Kirk Cameron blocks his anti-gay feedback against Artist shitstorm


Because not only are your dad and sis prepared to conquer your ass, but so are a ton of celebrities from the display and level. In addition to Motley Crue's Nikki Sixx.

If you're just adjusting in, '80s celebrity Kirk Cameron stirred up a shitstorm when he let his lack of knowledge about libido be known.

Cameron, a 41-year-old born-again Religious who increased to popularity on the comedy Increasing Cramping , informed CNN's Piers Morgan on Goal 2 that he believes being gay is "detrimental", "unnatural", and "ultimately dangerous to so many of the footings of civilization". He said that wedding was identified by God as between one man and one lady, stating Adam and Eve, and therefore he could not assistance gay wedding.

He has six kids. He said if any of his kids came out, he would have to describe to him or her that "Just because you experience one way doesn't mean we should act on everything we presume."

Several Artist and songs celebrities talked their weight to Cameron's feedback in interview, such as Jamie Lee Curtis, Kristin Chenoweth, Latoya Fitzgibbons, Sara Gilbert, and the serves of The Discuss .

And many more took to Tweets. Among them were Cameron's former Increasing Cramping costars Tracey Precious metal (who performed his sister), who also modified her Tweets image to a NO H8 promotion image, and Mike Thicke (who performed his father), who has been retweeting information of assistance for equal rights.

Israeli law sight super-thin designs as bad examples


JERUSALEM - Informed she was too fat to be a style, Danielle Segal reduce a one fourth of her bodyweight and was put in the hospital twice for lack of nutrition. Now that a new Israeli law forbids the career of under a healthy weight designs, the 19-year-old must obtain some of it again if she wants to perform again.

Not that she was ever obese. At 1.7 meters (5-feet-7), she assessed 53 kilos (116 pounds) to begin with. Sensation stress to become ever slimmer, she decreased another 13 kilos (29 pounds). The synthetically skeletal lady assessed 40 kilos (88 pounds) by then, or about as much as a solid pre-teen, and her wellness experienced.

The legal suggestions approved Wednesday is designed to put a stop to the extreme conditions, and by expansion convenience the stress on young people to replicate the skin-and-bones designs, often resulting in risky consuming conditions.

The new law creates a innovative obstacle to a style industry commonly castigated for promotion anorexia and bulimia. Its gives say it could become an example for other nations hurting with the propagate of the life-threaening conditions.

It's especially important in Israel, which, like other nations, is passionate by designs, whose every utterance and dalliance is deacyed plant material for large images and controversial testimonies in the country's magazines. Model Bar Refaeli is regarded a nationwide idol by many. She is not synthetically slim.

The new law needs designs to generate a healthcare review no mature than three months at every take for the Israeli industry, revealing that they are not undernourished by World Health Company requirements.

The U.N. organization will depend on the bmi, assessed by aspects of top and bodyweight. WHO says a bmi below 18.5 indicates lack of nutrition. According to that conventional, a lady 5 toes 8 inches wide (1.72 metres) high should think about no less than 119 bodyweight (54 kilograms).

Also, any marketing released for the Israeli industry must have a clearly published observe unveiling if its designs were made to look slimmer by electronic adjustment. The law does not utilize to overseas guides marketed in Israel.

In Israel, about 2 % of ladies between 14 and 18 have serious consuming conditions, a rate similar to other western world, professionals said.

The law's followers wish it will motivate the use of healthy designs in regional promotion and improve attention of electronic techniques that convert already thin females into seeming waifs.

"We want to crack the impression that the style we see is real," said Liad Gil-Har, associate to law attract Dr. Rachel Adato, who in comparison the fight against consuming conditions to the fight against using tobacco.

The law won assistance from a unexpected quarter: one of Israel's top style providers, Adi Barkan, who said in 30 decades of perform, he has seen females become skinnier and more tired while having difficulties to fit the reducing form of what the industry views eye-catching.

"They look like deceased ladies," Barkan said.

Aspiring style Segal says she is excited with the new law and desires it had been approved decades ago. "I wouldn't have started up considering that this (being underweight) is a style of elegance. I wouldn't have achieved the point I achieved," she said.

Segal said an broker said three decades ago that she had a wonderful face — but not a "model's body." Trying to obtain that suitable through serious diet plans, she finished up in the medical center twice and ceased menstruating.

Segal said she met Barkan during her modelling perform, and he assured her that she could be successful as a style without being synthetically slim. Segal, who now is around 110 bodyweight (50 kilograms) and would have to obtain almost eight bodyweight (3.5 kilograms) to be eligible for a perform.

Barkan approximated about half the 300 professional designs in Israel would have to put on bodyweight to perform again.

Top Israeli style Adi Neumman said she wouldn't complete under the new guidelines, because her BMI is 18.3. Neumman said she takes well and workouts. "Make ladies go to a physician. Get a system to go by ladies who are found to be puking," a manifestation of bulimia, she said.

Critics say the legal suggestions should have targeted on wellness, not bodyweight, reasoning and arguing that many designs are normally slim.

"The wellness of the style ... should be analyzed. Our bodyweight can change time to time," said Mark Herzog, a teacher of psychiatry and a major U.S. professional on consuming conditions.

Pressure on the style industry has increased these days, started by the fatalities of designs in South america and Uruguay from healthcare problems attached to consuming conditions.

Uruguayan style Luisel Ramos, 22, flattened and passed away soon after getting off the driveway in Aug 2006, allegedly of anorexia-linked center failing.

Other government authorities have taken actions to avoid "size zero" healthcare conditions but have shied away from legal suggestions.

The The city style show restrictions females whose BMI is below 18. Milan's style weeks time restrictions designs with a BMI below 18.5.

The U.K. and U.S. have suggestions, but their style industry is self-regulated.

Unrealistic body images in the press are regarded to appearance dietary routines, especially among adolescents, though there is controversy about how powerful they are. Other aspects involve emotional wellness, injury like lovemaking attack, or a propensity within your family to highlight physical aspect as a indication of success.

It's not certain that the law will have a considerable effect, because Israeli teenagers take their hints from both worldwide press and regional guides, said Sigal Gooldin, an consuming conditions professional at Hebrew School in Jerusalem.

Social personnel Uri Pinus, who snacks seven teenagers with consuming conditions at a Jerusalem medical center, said the law was unlikely to impact his people.

"But our anticipations is that this law will effect the greater public," Pinus said. "(It) will decrease stress on the ladies to reduce bodyweight."

Segal said placing bodyweight again on would be a obstacle. But, she said, "in the end it's a very low price to pay when I think about other ladies who won't mature tired at some point."

Powerful earth quake drinks from Mexico City to Acapulco



 
MEXICO CITY - A magnitude-6.5 earth quake arranged in Mexico's european Guerrero condition, moving structures and producing anxiety in the country's investment and the Hawaiian destination of Acapulco. Government bodies said at least three individuals approved away, but there were no reviews of extensive harm.

The U.S. Geological Assistance at first approximated the earth quake at value at 6.8, but reduced it to 6.7 and then 6.5. A earth quake of that value is capable of producing serious harm, although the level of this temblor reduced its effect.

The USGS said the earth quake took place at 6:47 p.m. Sunday at a level of 40.3 kilometers (64.9 kilometres). It was centred about 26 kilometers (42 kilometres) free airline of Iguala in Guerrero and 103 kilometers (166 kilometres) south-southwest of Southern region america City.

Mexico's Internal Office said the earth quake was sensed in areas of nine declares.

Humberto Calvo, undersecretary of Guerrero's City Protection organization, said three fatalities had been revealed in the condition. He said one man was murdered when a homes ceiling flattened in Iguala, a second approved away in the small capital of scotland - Ixcateopan and the car owner of a freight vehicle was murdered by stones that dropped on the vehicle driving on the cost freeway connecting Acapulco with Southern region america City.

Calvo said another freeway between the two places was clogged in two places by rockslides.

High-rises affected in the hub of Southern region america City for more than a minute, and customers were momentarily herded out of some shopping companies until the risk approved.

Mexico Town's gran, Marcelo Ebrard, revealed by Tweets that no major harm had been revealed. He said energy unsuccessful in some areas of it is.

People in one part of Southern region america Town's elegant Condesa local community ran out of their homes and collected in the roads, embracing each other while some shaken and started to cry.

On one road, a band of women registered hands in a range, shut their sight and started to hope.

"Please God, help us and let everything be OK," said one. "It's OK. It's OK. Everything is OK."

Parts of Southern region america City rest on the uncertain ground of a former pond bed, which tends to increase the effect of earthquakes. An 8.1-magnitude earth quake in 1985 murdered as many as 10,000 individuals in it is.

In Acapulco, which is in Guerrero, thousands of troubled vacationers congregated in the road after running swaying structures that are put along the seaside blvd. People also left a cinema complicated.

Authorities said they found no architectural harm and had no reviews of accidents in the Hawaiian destination, which was about 87 kilometers (140 kilometres) from the quake's epicenter.

Rogelio Trujillo, primary of security at a Soriana shopping area in Acapulco, said fragrance wines, goods and artwork had been shaken off racks and customers ran out.

Alberto Orbe, an invisible stations owner for the city's City Protection organization, said the office had obtained many phone calls from panicked citizens.

The earth quake disturbed the yearly gold celebration in the vacationer capital of scotland - Taxco, almost between Acapulco and the investment.

A deep rumbling sound survived for several a few moments, then the whole city went black as the ground shaken. People ran out of accommodations in the ancient hub of the old exploration town and registered others who had been experiencing a team show in the main plaza.

As individuals machined about, some light was offered from law enforcement pickups doing security work at the celebration. After about 10 minutes, the team started up again and individuals started moving.

The energy was out for about two hours and mobile phone service was infrequent. Some individuals sat on eating place balconies cusine by candle light and the full celestial satellite.